1. Qualitative evaluation method. Also known as empirical evaluation method, it is an evaluation method that qualitatively analyzes, researches, and evaluates various hazard factors existing in the system according to the production system or production process, and draws a qualitative evaluation conclusion.

　　This method usually uses a safety assessment form, and based on experience, the content that needs to be inspected and evaluated is listed item by item in a list, and the site is evaluated item by item. The content of the safety assessment form can also be divided into two parts: safety rejection items (uncontrollable danger) and controllable items (medium or controllable danger) according to the degree of risk of the project. When there are rejection items, stop the assessment and move to the next level. Management report; when there is no rejection item, assign value to the controllable item, and the score shall not be lower than the specified critical value, which is characterized as having the conditions for safe construction;

　　The controllable item score is lower than the critical value, stop the operation, formulate measures for rectification, and re-evaluate after the rectification is completed.

　　This method is suitable for simple system, large-scale equipment, and relatively stable working conditions and environment of the team start and job evaluation.

　　2. Professional evaluation method. Refers to collective inspection and analysis, professional comprehensive assessment or a combination of the two assessment methods, based on site conditions, test results, critical indicators, using analogy analysis and other methods, the system operating environment, equipment and facilities, technology and personnel technical capabilities, safety measures , System, management level and other aspects of evaluation methods.

　　This method is suitable for the evaluation of complex systems, processes, devices, and "four new" test applications.

　　3. Danger and operability analysis method. It is to find out the reasons for the changes and deviations and clarify the device or system by analyzing the changes in the process state parameters during the production operation and the deviations that may occur in the operation control, as well as the impact of these changes and deviations on the system and the possible consequences. And the main hazards and hazard factors in the construction process, and put forward the assessment methods of safety measures for the consequences of changes and deviations.

　　The main analysis steps of this method are:

　　1. Establish a research group, determine tasks and research objects. The first is to establish a research group composed of multiple disciplines. The staff of the research group should include design, management, use, and monitoring personnel. The second is to clarify the task of the research group, such as the ultimate goal of the research is to solve system safety problems, product problems, environmental problems, or comprehensive problems. The third is to fully understand the object of analysis and prepare relevant materials.

　　2. Divide the unit and clarify the function. Divide the analysis object into several units, clarify the function of each unit, and explain its operating status and process. In the continuous process, the unit should be based on pipelines, and in the intermittent process, the unit should be based on equipment.

　　3. Define the keyword table, and analyze the possible deviations of each unit one by one according to the keywords.

　　4. Analyze the causes and consequences of deviations.

　　5. Develop countermeasures.

　　Four, advance risk analysis method. It is a method to analyze and evaluate the hazard categories, occurrence conditions, and consequences of accidents in the system before the design, construction and construction of hazardous materials and devices.

　　The main steps of this method:

　　1. Hazard identification

　　Through empirical judgment, technical diagnosis and other methods, find out the dangerous and harmful factors in the system.

　　2. Determine the type of possible accident

　　Based on past experience and lessons, analyze the impact of dangerous and harmful factors on the system, and analyze the possible types of accidents.

　　3. For the identified hazards and harmful factors, formulate a preliminary risk analysis table.

　　4. Determine the hazard level of the hazard and harmful factors, and arrange the order according to the hazard level, so as to deal with it as planned.

　　5. Develop safety measures to prevent accidents.

　　This method is suitable for the risk assessment of new methods in the inherent system and exposure to new materials, equipment and facilities.

　　Five, failure hypothesis analysis method. Personnel familiar with the process find out the possible potential accident hazards (in fact, once a serious accident occurs in the hypothetical system, find out the potential factors contributing to the accident by asking questions (fault hypothesis) on the system process or operation process. Under the worst conditions, these factors lead to the possibility of accidents) analysis and evaluation method.

　　This method is applicable to the evaluation of all stages of the engineering project.

　　Six, "five-step" evaluation method. It is a method for operators to conduct safety assessments of the environment, equipment, facilities and their own job conditions within the scope of their duties in accordance with the five steps of "stop, think, evaluate, decide, and do". "Stop" in this method means to stop the operation and carry out evaluation; "think" means to identify and investigate dangerous and hazardous factors; "evaluate" means to assess the degree of danger and report in time; "fix" means to formulate safety measures to eliminate or control the risk; "Doing" means performing operations in accordance with procedures, measures and "finger dictation".

　　This method is suitable for the safety assessment of workers in various positions before they start work.

　　Seven, "Trinity" evaluation method. A method of conducting on-site safety assessment with the mine manager, team leader, and safety officer.

　　The coal mine unit is generally in charge of the follow-up mine manager, safety officer, and team leader. Usually, a safety assessment form is used to evaluate the environment, equipment, safety facilities and engineering quality of the job site item by item.

　　Relying on high-power motorcycles and digital bluetooth communication network, Fuzhou Traffic Police Tieqi takes advantage of informatization and motorization to better carry out street services (photographed on October 12) by Song Weiwei / this publication

　　Planning social risk assessment in the overall situation and changes

　　To prevent and defuse major risks, it is necessary to keep in mind the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and major changes unseen in the world in a century, coordinate development and security, and establish and improve a major decision-making social stability risk assessment mechanism.

　　The social risks faced by major decisions never exist independently, but are closely related to risks in various fields and at home and abroad. From the overall situation and changes, we must deeply understand the new characteristics and new requirements brought about by the changes in the main contradictions of our society, profoundly understand the new contradictions and challenges brought about by the complex international environment, and put major social risks in decision-making into it for scientific evaluation and effective management.

　　At present and in the future, my country’s development is still in a period of important strategic opportunities, but there are new developments and changes in opportunities and challenges.

　　From a domestic perspective, the risk of social conflicts is generally stable and controllable, with a steady rise. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has taken a new big step forward, but the situation of unbalanced and inadequate development still exists, the risk of contradictions in some areas is on the rise, the liquidity has accelerated, and the social sensitivity has increased. The economic, financial, employment, income distribution, ecological environment, public health, public safety and other aspects of the risk relevance are enhanced, and it is easy to superimpose resonance to form a compound risk. In addition, the risk of domestic social conflicts faces the risk of being exploited by external forces.

　　Looking at the world, the international environment is becoming more and more complex, and the uncertainty of instability is increasing. The global economy has fallen into a deep recession, and the international new crown pneumonia epidemic continues to spread, which has profoundly impacted the international political and economic structure, severely hit the trend of globalization, caused major changes in the international industrial chain, supply chain, and value chain, and spawned serious economic, social and political risk crises in some countries. Oppositions and conflicts will intensify. my country's development is increasingly affected by external risks.

　　Therefore, during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, my country’s major policy decisions will face more complex and diverse social risks, and it will be more difficult to predict, assess, prevent and defuse risks.

　　At present, the social risks faced by major decision-making in our country show the characteristics of superimposition effect, linkage effect, amplification effect, and backflow effect.

　　First, the focus of social risks faced by major decision-making is on the decision-making plan, but the source of risk is often hidden behind the decision-making. Once the wrong decision is made, it is easy to cause social conflicts. Therefore, complex risks and their interaction mechanisms must be included in the risk identification and assessment vision.

　　Second, the social risks associated with major decision-making have always been accompanied by globalization, modernization, and technological development. As my country accelerates the process of socialist modernization, major decision-making risks will easily occur.

　　Third, my country's major social risks in decision-making mainly involve conflicts between economic and people's livelihood interests, which are diverse and large in quantity and wide in scope.

　　Fourth, decision-making risks involving public health, safety, environment, democracy, rule of law, fairness, justice and other aspects of rights and interests may show an upward trend. This objectively reflects the new demands of the masses for high-quality development and high-quality life. Although the total amount of such risks does not account for a large proportion, they often feel more directly by the masses and require great attention.

　　Fifth, in the context of information socialization, the Internet is likely to become a source of risk, a transmitter, and an amplifier. A small matter can form a whirlpool of public opinion. Some rumors and rumors can instigate hype, which can easily cause a "storm in a teacup." Suddenly become a "tornado" of real society.

　　Sixth, the social risks faced by my country’s major decisions reflect the phased characteristics of the country’s modernization process and will have a certain degree of sustainability in time and space.

　　The plenary session proposed to coordinate development and security, "to put security development throughout all areas and the entire process of national development, and to prevent and defuse various risks that affect my country's modernization process." Therefore, we must coordinate the two major issues of domestic and international development and the development of security, focusing on the key points and the overall situation, effectively preventing all kinds of risk chain linkages, and focusing on preventing and controlling the overall situation that may delay or interrupt the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Sexual risk.

　　To carry out major decision-making risk assessment work, it is necessary to enhance the awareness of opportunities and risks, and focus on the requirements of “accurately recognize changes, scientifically respond to changes, proactively seek changes, and be good at nurturing opportunities in crises and opening new games in the face of changes.” As.

　　It is necessary to use a global perspective, strategic thinking, and systematic thinking to deeply study the huge changes in the risk environment in which my country is developing, and accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of the evolution of major social risks in my country's major decision-making under the new situation.

　　It is necessary to dynamically, accurately and systematically identify various risk factors, scientifically evaluate the legitimacy, rationality, feasibility, and risk controllability of the decision-making content, and propose feasible solutions to improve decision-making and prevent and defuse risks.

　　It is necessary to uphold the party’s overall leadership, take social risk assessment as the lead to carry out risk management work, resolve problems and conflicts that may affect social security and stability before making decisions, and prevent risks from expanding, escalating, deteriorating, and resonating, leading to major risks and crises. Realize economic stability and long-term, social stability and harmony, and make a good start and start for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.

　　On August 17, the staff of Zhuhai Entry-Exit Border Inspection Station conducted a simulated customs clearance exercise at Hengqin Port. Photo by Deng Hua/this publication